GS-2: “Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian Diaspora.”

• The Trump administration has said it is confident that “the toughest ever” sanctions against Iran which came into force on Monday will have the intended effect of altering the Iranian regime’s behaviour, even as it dodged a question on whether the US has firm commitments from India and China to stop all oil purchases from Tehran within six months.
• The sanctions cover Iran’s banking and energy sectors and reinstate penalties for countries and companies in Europe, Asia and elsewhere that do not halt Iranian oil imports.
• India and China — the two biggest buyers of Iranian crude, have appeared to have skipped the punitive American sanctions targeting the Iranian oil and financial sectors.
• The two Asian giants are among eight countries that have been given the rare exemptions from the Iranian sanctions that kicked off on 5 November.
• The Trump administration said it has asked these countries including Turkey, Iraq, Italy, Japan and South Korea to bring down their oil purchase to zero as soon as possible.
• US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, during a talk show on Fox News, repeatedly parried questions when asked about the commitment from India and China on zero-oil purchase from Iran.

Current Scenario:

• The US administration is keeping a hawk eye on bringing Iran to negotiation table. Two crucial factors are responsible for such strong Republican behaviour. The close relations with Israel and Saudi Arabia.
• Iran with her proxies have got close to Israel border in Golan Height and war in Yemen.
• To control and thwart Iran’s ambition in Iberian Peninsula these measures are taken.

US-Iran conflict, A historic Perspective:

• It was in 1953 when US and British intelligence agencies orchestrate a coup to oust Iran’s democratically elected Prime Minister, Mohammad Mossadeq.
• The secular leader had sought to nationalise Iran’s oil industry.

1979: Iranian revolution:

• The US backed Shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi is forced to leave the country on 16 January following months of demonstrations and strikes against his rule by secular and religious opponents.
• Two weeks later, Islamic religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini returns from exile. Following a referendum, the Islamic Republic of Iran is proclaimed on 1 April.

1979-81 US Embassy hostage crisis:

• A rescue mission ends in disaster for US troops with the deaths of eight servicemen in a collision between a helicopter and a transport plane.
• The final 52 hostages are eventually freed after 444 days in captivity.
• From the moment the hostages were seized until they were released minutes after Ronald Reagan took the oath of office as president 444 days later, the crisis absorbed more concentrated effort by American officials and had more extensive coverage on television and in the press than any other event since World War Two.

1985-1986 Iran-Contra scandal:

• The US secretly ships weapons to Iran, allegedly in exchange for Tehran’s help in freeing US hostages held by Hezbollah in Lebanon.
• The profits are illegally channelled to rebels in Nicaragua, creating a political crisis for President Ronald Reagan.

1988: Iranian passenger plane shot down:

• The American warship USS Vincennes shoots down an Iran Air flight in the Gulf on 3 July 1988, killing all 290 people on board.
• The US says the Airbus A300 was mistaken for a fighter jet.
• Most of the victims were Iranians on their way to Mecca.

1997-2005 Khatami presidency:

• Mohammad Khatami, a reformist, is elected Iranian president in 1997.
• The following year he calls for “a dialogue with the American people” in an interview with a US TV channel. The prospect of a thawing in relations beckons, but there is no breakthrough.

2002: ‘Axis of evil’

• In his State of the Union address, President George Bush denounces Iran as part of an “axis of evil” with Iraq and North Korea.
• The speech causes outrage in Iran.

2002 onwards: Nuclear fears and sanctions:

• In 2002 an Iranian opposition group reveals that Iran is developing nuclear facilities including a uranium enrichment plant at Natanz and a heavy water reactor at Arak.
• The US accuses Iran of a clandestine nuclear weapons programme, which Iran denies.
• A decade of intermittent Iranian engagement with the UN’s nuclear watchdog and diplomatic activity follows.
• The UN ratifies four rounds of sanctions on Iran between 2006 and 2010 over the nuclear issue.
• The US and EU also impose sanctions on Iran, stepping up measures in 2012 to include the financial sector. Several other countries have bilateral sanctions.
• The US Treasury claims in 2013 Iran’s currency has lost two-thirds of its value in the past two years.

2005-13 Ahmadinejad presidency

• Ultra-conservative Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is elected president in June 2005.
• The populist leader’s bombastic style and questioning of the Holocaust leads to a worsening of Iran’s relations with the West.
• His disputed re-election in 2009 leads to the worst internal unrest since 1979.
• In 2010 his speech at the UN sparks walk-outs after he claims that most people believe the US government was behind the 9/11 attacks.

2013: Obama-Rouhani phone call:

• On a trip to the UN forum in New York, Iran’s new President Hassan Rouhani held a phone call with President Barack Obama – the first conversation between US and Iranian heads of state for 30 years.
• Mr Rouhani used his Twitter account to break the news of the historic conversation.
• “In phone convo, President #Rouhani and President @BarackObama expressed their mutual political #will to rapidly solve the #nuclear issue,” Mr Rouhani tweeted.
• The US president also said the two men had expressed their determination to solve the long-running dispute over Iran’s nuclear programme.

2014: US-Iran talks plan on Iraq:

• Washington is believed to be considering holding direct discussions with Tehran over Iraq, where Sunni insurgents have been capturing key cities and threatening to attack the capital Baghdad.
• Both the US and Iran have an interest in curbing the growing threat posed by the militants and both are considering military support to Iraq’s Shia-led government.
• The two countries are also due to hold the latest round of talks on Iran’s nuclear programme in Vienna. Last week, senior US and Iranian officials already had two days of direct talks on the issue.

P5 plus 1 Nuclear deal with Iran:

• During Barak Obama’s second tenure a successful agreement was reached with Iran to keep her nuclear programs in check exceptions were given for generating nuclear energy.

Trumps Regime:

• Donald Trump’s regime has maintained a hostile atmosphere by annulling the Nuclear deal by his predecessor and now reintroducing sanctions.
• There is difference in sanctions from Obamas regime to Trumps sanctions. Obamas administration exempted 20 countries but Trumps administration exempted just 8 countries.