COVID-19 AND ANOSMIA

Prelims level : Science & Technology Mains level : GS-III Science and Technology - developments and their applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing New Technology.
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Context:

  • Multiple reports have surfaced, primarily from Europe and the United States, from physicians and ear, nose and throat specialists, of COVID-19 patients complaining of an inability to smell — or anosmia. However, it is not clear whether neurons in the brain that are responsible for recognising various odours are damaged, or whether other cells may be involved.

COVID-19: Not Directly:

  • A research suggests that it is not neurons but a class of cells in the upper regions of the nasal cavity that may be involved. These are called sustentacular cells and horizontal basal cells.
  • The sustentacular cells and horizontal basal cells:
  • Crucially, both are not directly involved in helping us smell, but nourish and support the cells that help us do.
  • So the virus may be inflicting an indirect attack on the olfactory sensory cells.
  • Another research points out the presence of a key enzyme — called ACE 2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) — in these olfactory cells.
  • The coronavirus has spike proteins that bind to ACE 2 receptors on human cells and the enzyme’s presence is a proxy to reveal the signature of the virus in the body’s cells.

Anosmia:

  • Anosmia is the partial or complete loss of the sense of smell. This loss may be temporary or permanent.
  • It is caused by a swelling or blockage in the nose that prevents odors from getting to the top of the nose.
  • Respiratory viral infection is a common cause of loss of smell. The sense of smell usually returns when the infection is over.

Other Main Causes of Anosmia:

  • Irritation to the mucous membranes lining the nose.
  • Blockage of the nasal passages.
  • Brain or nerve damage.
  • Complications: People with anosmia may not be able to fully taste foods and may lose interest in eating.
  • This can lead to weight loss or malnutrition.

Ageusia:

  • Ageusia is a condition that is characterized by a complete loss of taste function of the tongue.
  • People who have a reduced ability to taste are said to have Hypogeusia.

Common Causes:

  • Aging
  • Nasal airway problems.
  • Upper airway infection, such as sinus infection, tonsillitis, or sore throat.
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