10.1 X- RAYS

• x- rays from the Coolidge
• Suited for bone injuries (fractures)
• High frequency  x- rays were used
• Cannot change image plane without moving patient
• Provides mismatch in bone structures
• Hazardous due to radiations
• Patients with metal implants can take x- ray scan

10.1  CT- SCAN

• Computed (Axial) Tornography
• Suited for above injuries, lung& chest imaging, cancer detection
• X- rays attenuation detected byDAS detector system
• Can change image plane
• Prorides good details about the bony
• Hazardous due to radiations
• Patients with metal implants can take CT- Scan

10.1  MRI

• Magnetic refe imaging
• Suited for soft tissue evaluation Ex: Tendon
• Large magnetic field is used to image
• Change of image plane is possible in 3d isotropic MRI
• Provides good details about the soft
• No biological hazard is
• Patients with metal implants are not allowed to take MRI

10.1  ELECTRO CARDIOGRAM

• ECG is used to measure the electrical activity of heart
• It is commonly performed to find the damages in the heart and also to find the speed of heart beat.

10.1 ELECTRO ENCEPHALOGRAM

• EEG is used to measure the electrical activity of
• It is commonly performed to find the damages in neural calls of the

10.1  STETHOSCOPE

• It is an important medical equipment used for the diagnostic process
• Invented by : Renne Lennec in 1816

Function of Stethoscope :

• It is used to analyse (hear) the sound produced by heart lungs and digestive
• By adjusting the tuneable diaphragm we can able to pick up high & low frequency

Types of Stethoscope :

• Acoustic stethoscope (Normal Telescope)
• Electronic stethoscope also called Stethophone
• Augculation stethoscope also called recording steth
• Fetal stethoscope also called fetoscope (or) pinard’s Stethoscope used to listen heart sound of the fetus in pregnant women.
• Doppler stethoscope operates on doppler’s effect.

10.1 SPHYGMOMANOMETER 

• Sphygmomanometer means blood pressure
• It is mainly used to measure the systolic & diastolic
• Blood pressure unit : mm/Hg
• Normal Blood Pressure: 120/80mm/ HG

Functions :

• It is used to measure the blood pressure
• Also used to listen the Kortokoff sounds

10.2  KORTOKOFF SOUNDS

• Sound produced by the degiated blood flow of the artery
• Capillary fragility best
• To stop bleeding (or) stop poison from spreading to other parts.

10.3  ENDOSCOPY

• It is a medical procedure used to view the internal organs non – surgically
• Endoscope is inserted via the natural opening of the body

Types of Endoscopy :

• Bronchoscopy : Examination of mouth, voice box,
• Gastroscopy : Examination of stomach, duodenum
• Colonoscopy : Examination of rectum
• Cystoscopy : Examination of Bladder
• Ureteroscopy : Examination of urinary bladder

Advantages :

• It is often used to evaluate server stomach pain, ulcers, gastritis, digestive track
• Can be performed without giving anaesthesia
• No need for operation
• No blood loss

Disadvantages :

• High cost
• Chance to tear the abdominal valve and cause bleedings

10.1 ANGIOGRAM

• An angiogram is an imaging test that uses x- rays to view our blood
• This test is also called as the arteriogram (If arteries were examined) (Or) vein gram ( if veins were examined)

10.2 CATHETER INSERTION

• In this a Catheters tube is inserted via a femoral artery to the heart vessels to remove blocking substances (lipids) in the arteries
• This is an extreme case of angiogram

Advantages :

• PAD (Peripheral Artery Disease ) can be identified and rectified
• Aneurysms (enlargements of arteries ) can be
• Reno vascular conditions (kidney artery conditions can be overviewed)
• Vascular malfunction can be identified
• Coronary angiogram is used to inspect inside the coronary arteries.

10.3  HAEMOCYTOMETER 

• It is an instrument used for counting the cells in the blood (or) fluid
• The technique used here is Haemocytometer

Advantages:

• It is the method of determining the total number of cells accurately
• Low cost for testing

Disadvantage :

• Can be inspected by microscope
• Possible for source
• Non uniform suspensions of blood cell cause error in

10.4 AUTO – ANALYSER

• It is an automated analyser
• It is used for the CFA (Continuous flow Analysis)
• It is an automated chemical testing laboratory

Advantages :

• It is used to determine the level of albumins, alkaline, products blood urea nitrogen, bilirubin, calcium, cholesterol, uric acid, glucose, creatinine, proteins, blood …
• It can analyze hundreds of blood samples at a time

Disadvantage :

• It depends completely on the colour reactions, in which photometer is used for the analysis so a very expertise technician is

10.5  PACEMAKER 

• It is  a  battery-powered implantable device that provides electrical stimulation stimulation to the heart.
• It helps the patients with very slow heart beats.
• Pacemaker was invented by Hopps.
• Pacemaker was in the top – 5 list of medical innovation
• It is used to treat arrhythmias it is a condition in which the heart beat is too fast (or) slow (or) with irregular rhythm.

Advantage :

• Complete technological cure for arrhythmias, tachycardia
• It coordinates electrical signals of heart
• CRT (Cardiac Resynchronization Theory) has been implemented successfully to treat heart failure.

Disadvantage :

• Once pacemaker is installed in our body. Then we are not able  to take MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) scans.