Medical Instruments
10.1 X- RAYS
- x- rays from the Coolidge
- Suited for bone injuries (fractures)
- High frequency x- rays were used
- Cannot change image plane without moving patient
- Provides mismatch in bone structures
- Hazardous due to radiations
- Patients with metal implants can take x- ray scan
10.1 CT- SCAN
- Computed (Axial) Tornography
- Suited for above injuries, lung& chest imaging, cancer detection
- X- rays attenuation detected byDAS detector system
- Can change image plane
- Prorides good details about the bony
- Hazardous due to radiations
- Patients with metal implants can take CT- Scan
10.1 MRI
- Magnetic refe imaging
- Suited for soft tissue evaluation Ex: Tendon
- Large magnetic field is used to image
- Change of image plane is possible in 3d isotropic MRI
- Provides good details about the soft
- No biological hazard is
- Patients with metal implants are not allowed to take MRI
10.1 ELECTRO CARDIOGRAM
- ECG is used to measure the electrical activity of heart
- It is commonly performed to find the damages in the heart and also to find the speed of heart beat.
10.1 ELECTRO ENCEPHALOGRAM
- EEG is used to measure the electrical activity of
- It is commonly performed to find the damages in neural calls of the
10.1 STETHOSCOPE
- It is an important medical equipment used for the diagnostic process
- Invented by : Renne Lennec in 1816
Function of Stethoscope :
- It is used to analyse (hear) the sound produced by heart lungs and digestive
- By adjusting the tuneable diaphragm we can able to pick up high & low frequency
Types of Stethoscope :
- Acoustic stethoscope (Normal Telescope)
- Electronic stethoscope also called Stethophone
- Augculation stethoscope also called recording steth
- Fetal stethoscope also called fetoscope (or) pinard’s Stethoscope used to listen heart sound of the fetus in pregnant women.
- Doppler stethoscope operates on doppler’s effect.
10.1 SPHYGMOMANOMETER
- Sphygmomanometer means blood pressure
- It is mainly used to measure the systolic & diastolic
- Blood pressure unit : mm/Hg
- Normal Blood Pressure: 120/80mm/ HG
Functions :
- It is used to measure the blood pressure
- Also used to listen the Kortokoff sounds
10.2 KORTOKOFF SOUNDS
- Sound produced by the degiated blood flow of the artery
- Capillary fragility best
- To stop bleeding (or) stop poison from spreading to other parts.
10.3 ENDOSCOPY
- It is a medical procedure used to view the internal organs non – surgically
- Endoscope is inserted via the natural opening of the body
Types of Endoscopy :
- Bronchoscopy : Examination of mouth, voice box,
- Gastroscopy : Examination of stomach, duodenum
- Colonoscopy : Examination of rectum
- Cystoscopy : Examination of Bladder
- Ureteroscopy : Examination of urinary bladder
Advantages :
- It is often used to evaluate server stomach pain, ulcers, gastritis, digestive track
- Can be performed without giving anaesthesia
- No need for operation
- No blood loss
Disadvantages :
- High cost
- Chance to tear the abdominal valve and cause bleedings
10.1 ANGIOGRAM
- An angiogram is an imaging test that uses x- rays to view our blood
- This test is also called as the arteriogram (If arteries were examined) (Or) vein gram ( if veins were examined)
10.2 CATHETER INSERTION
- In this a Catheters tube is inserted via a femoral artery to the heart vessels to remove blocking substances (lipids) in the arteries
- This is an extreme case of angiogram
Advantages :
- PAD (Peripheral Artery Disease ) can be identified and rectified
- Aneurysms (enlargements of arteries ) can be
- Reno vascular conditions (kidney artery conditions can be overviewed)
- Vascular malfunction can be identified
- Coronary angiogram is used to inspect inside the coronary arteries.
10.3 HAEMOCYTOMETER
- It is an instrument used for counting the cells in the blood (or) fluid
- The technique used here is Haemocytometer
Advantages:
- It is the method of determining the total number of cells accurately
- Low cost for testing
Disadvantage :
- Can be inspected by microscope
- Possible for source
- Non uniform suspensions of blood cell cause error in
10.4 AUTO – ANALYSER
- It is an automated analyser
- It is used for the CFA (Continuous flow Analysis)
- It is an automated chemical testing laboratory
Advantages :
- It is used to determine the level of albumins, alkaline, products blood urea nitrogen, bilirubin, calcium, cholesterol, uric acid, glucose, creatinine, proteins, blood …
- It can analyze hundreds of blood samples at a time
Disadvantage :
- It depends completely on the colour reactions, in which photometer is used for the analysis so a very expertise technician is
10.5 PACEMAKER
- It is a battery-powered implantable device that provides electrical stimulation stimulation to the heart.
- It helps the patients with very slow heart beats.
- Pacemaker was invented by Hopps.
- Pacemaker was in the top – 5 list of medical innovation
- It is used to treat arrhythmias it is a condition in which the heart beat is too fast (or) slow (or) with irregular rhythm.
Advantage :
- Complete technological cure for arrhythmias, tachycardia
- It coordinates electrical signals of heart
- CRT (Cardiac Resynchronization Theory) has been implemented successfully to treat heart failure.
Disadvantage :
- Once pacemaker is installed in our body. Then we are not able to take MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) scans.
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